Q-How to lock the liner at the time of taking the piston out from the unit?
Ans-
This was the most common problem that at the time of taking out the piston from the unit some time liner also came out along with the piston so you need to lock the liner but the problem is that how to do that –
To understand this you need to see the diagram – we have the pipe which we put it on the stud and we put the pipe in such a that half the pipe was on the liner and half the pipe was on the liner jacket and after that we put the nut and lock it.
Q-Why to take the liner calibration and how to take it?
Ans – The main reason for taking the liner calibration is that wear down of the liner and
wear down in liner take place because of so many reasons –
The wear in the cylinder liner is generally because of following reasons:-
1) Due to friction.
2) Due to corrosion.
3) Abrasion
4) Scuffing or Adhesion
Frictional Wear
Whenever two surfaces slide over each other, friction is produced which leads to the wearing down of both the surfaces. In liner wear surfaces are piston rings sliding over the cylinder liner. The frictional wear rely upon various factors like speed of the movement between the surfaces, material involved, temperature, load on engine, pressure, maintenance, lubrication, & combustion efficiency.
Corrosion
The wear due to corrosion is cause due to burning of the heavy fuel oil in the combustion space. This happens because heavy fuel oil contains high sulphur content. During the combustion, acids are formed inside the space which should be neutralized by the cylinder oil which is alkaline in nature. The production of acids will be more if sulfur content is more, leading to the formation of the sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid is formed due to the absorption of the condensate or moisture present inside the combustion space.
Sulphuric acid corrosion is found more in the lower part of the liner as the temperature of the jacket water is very low. Corrosion due to sulphur will be high due to the presence of the water in fuel & condensate in the air. This wear is generally seen between the quills. The wear near the quills enlarge & gives a characteristic of the clover leaf shape to the wear pattern. This phenomenon is known as clover leafing.
Abrasion
This type of wear is due to the hard particles present & formed during combustion. Catalytic fines in the fuel & the ash formed during the combustion causes abrasive wear.
Adhesion or Scuffing
This is a form of local welding between the particles of the piston rings & the liner surface. As the piston is moving inside the liner, the welding which has occurred breaks & leads to the formation of the abrasive material. The abrasive material will increase the rate of the wear of liner. This is normally caused by the insufficient lubrication due to which large amount of heat is produced & microscopic welding of rings & liner surface takes place. Due to this type of the wear the liner loses its properties to adhere cylinder oil to the surface. One more reason or this phenomenon is polishing of the surface caused by the scuffing, giving liners a mirror finish.
Note – But now the main question is how to reduce the wear rate of cylinder liner –
1) Use low sulphur fuel oil
2) Run the engine at normal sea load, not on prolonged low load operation
3) By avoiding any ingress of water inside the liner by properly treating the fuel oil.
4) By maintaining the correct feed rate and grade of cylinder oil.
5) By avoiding ingress of moisture from the charge air.
6) By maintaining proper jacket water temperature.
Calibration of liner – A liner is gauged by measuring the diameter of the liner at fixed points down its length. It is measured from port to stbd (athwartships) & fwd to aft. An internal micrometer is used because of its accuracy (within 0.01mm). To assure that the liner is always measured in the same place, so that accurate comparisons may be made, a flat bar is hung down the side of the liner with holes drilled through where the measurements are to be taken.
Note – Sometime surveyor ask that why to take the reading only at port-stbd & fwd-aft so the reason for this is that maximum wear down take place at these two points because of rolling and pitching.
Measurements are taken at more frequent intervals at the top of the liner where wear rate is expected to be highest.
To assure accuracy, the micrometer gauge is checked against a standard, and the liner and micrometer should be at ambient temperature. If the temperature is higher then a correction factor can be applied. To assure micrometer & liner are at the same temperature, lay the micrometer on the entablature for a few minutes before starting.
Q- How to check the integrity of o-ring outside the liner ?
Ans – To understand this you need to see the diagram below if there was the leakage of jacket water from the o-ring then you will notice that water start coming out from the tell tale hole & other o-ring is for the air integrity if you notice that air start coming out form the tell tale hole it means that your air side o-ring start leaking & scavenge air start coming out or leaking out.
Q- What is scavenging and the different methods of scavenging, advantage and disadvantage of each?
Ans- For the better combustion of the fuel oil inside a marine diesel engine, sufficient supply of fish air is needed. The method by which sufficient amount of air is given to the engine cylinder is called as scavenging.
Scavenging is normally provided by the engine’s turbo-charging system. The more efficient the scavenging, the better is the fuel combustion & power output of the engine. Turbochargers are provided with the engine to use the exhaust gases in order to supply a consistent flow of the fresh air inside the main engine.
There are mainly 3 types of scavenging method on the basis of the flow of the air
(I) Cross flow scavenging
(II) Reverse or Loop scavenging
(III) Uniflow scavenging
Note-Now a days we are using uniflow type of scavenging only
Cross flow scavenging
Cross flow & Revere loop scavenging take place with the help of the piston movement. Cross flow scavenging, transfer port (inlet) & exhaust port are located on the opposite side of the cylinder. The exhaust gas is pushed out by the cross flow. The piston head is designed to have a hump shape called the deflector. The fresh air enters in the engine cylinder is deflected to the upward by a deflector & pushing exhaust gas down the other side. Before loop scavenging invented, almost all 2-stroke engines use this method.
Advantages and disadvantages of Cross flow scavenging
Advantages:
1. Low manufacturing cost.
2. Good scavenging at low speed and part throttle.
3. Low engine volume for the multi cylinder arrangement.
Disadvantages:
1. Heavy piston with very high heat absorption
2. High tendency to knock
3. Poor scavenging at high speed and full throttle.
4. Compulsory water cooling, difficulty in cooling piston crown
Loop scavenging
Similar to the cross flow scavenging but the inlet and exhaust port are placed the same side of the engine cylinder. The gases are encouraged to more loops. This type of scavenging used carefully designed transfer port(inlet) to loop fresh air rise towards the cylinder head on one side & pushes the burnt gas down to the exhaust port installed just above the inlet It has a flat or slightly domed piston crown. This is the most used type of scavenging System.
Advantages and disadvantages of Loop scavenging
Advantages:
1 Low maintenance.
2. The low surface area to the volume of the cylinder (hence the heat loss reduced).
3. Good scavenging at full throttle.
4. Water cooling system not necessary.
Disadvantages:
1. Poor scavenging at part throttle operation.
2. Scavenging time is short.
Uniflow scavenging
Uniflow scavenging so called because both fresh charge & exhaust gas move in the same upward direction. In this method, fresh air enters from the lower side of the cylinder, & it pushes out exhaust through the exit valve located at the top of the cylinder. This method is used in large two-stroke diesel engines.
Advantages and disadvantages of uniflow scavenging
Advantages:
1. Extended time for valve operation
2. The possibility, of mixing is reduced due to uniflow
3. Increase power output
4. Most efficient of all three methods.
5. Good scavenging at all speed ranges.
6. Low fuel consumption compared to other scavenging types.
Disadvantages:
1. Elaborate and costly construction.
2. Difficulty in cooling the piston
3. Construction of liner is complicated
Q-Draw main engine jacket cooling water circuit
Ans – Once you done with the drawing surveyor definitely ask you 2-3 question from it which I discussed below-
Function of expansion tank in the circuit-
1. Expansion tank maintain the constant head at the suction side of the pump so that no air should enter into the system
2. As the name suggest whatever the liquid expanded due to heat it will go to the expansion tank, for that a separate line is there
3. We can easily add chemical (for jacket water treatment) to the expansion tank
4. If expansion tank level drop too much suddenly, so it will give you the indication pre warning) that somewhere leakage is there in the system
Function of deaeration vessel –
- Deaeration vessel has the alarm for gas detection if in case liner or cylinder head crack then high pressure exhaust gas come with the water and when that gas comes into deaeration vessel, it activate the alarm (it was just like the pre warning that something is not well inside the engine)
Q- What is liner honing and why it is required?
Ans – When we are going to insert the new liner or when liner surface is absolutely mirror finished so at that time oil will not be able to stick on the sides of liner & due to that reason oil slips out from the liner & effective lubrication will not be there & result in the wear down of the liner so for that reason we perform the honing of liner which make the liner surface little rough.
Honing is to be done in place only, we don’t need to take out the liner out from the engine
This complete system has been driven by the electric motor
Q- If liner is not coming out during the overhaul, then what action you will take?
Ans – If liner stuck at the time when you are going to take it out so the most probable cause is that your tool will not be in the centre at the time when you are going to take out the liner from the unit
1. So put some descaling compound, so that all the deposit melt out and liner freely comes out
2. You can also cool the liner, so that it can contract and easily come out from the unit for that purpose we need to put the dry ice in the unit.
But the main concern is that how to reduce the quantity of dry ice so before putting the dry ice first put the empty lube oil drums in the centre and later on put the dry ice so with this ultimately you are going to reduce the area.
